Programming the MCU

1. Connect the programmer module to the serial port of your computer.
   
   

   
   
   
2. Insert the AT89C2051 or AT89C4051 device to program in the ZIF socket of the Programmer module. Pins 10 and 11 of MCU (located at lower bottom) must be connected to the bottommost pins of the ZIF socket (pin 12 & 13)
   
   
3. Plug the DC jack of the adaptor to the Programmer module then plug the adaptor to the AC outlet to turn on the power.
   
   
4. Run the ALEXAN ATMEL PROGRAMMER software
   
   
5. At startup of the software, it will automatically search for and connect to the serial port the Programmer module is connected to. Alternately, you may select the serial port to connect to by selecting the Serial Port Setup (press F9). After selecting the appropriate COM port, press OK. The programmer will then search for your Programmer module.
   
   
   
   
   
6. Choose AT89C2051 from the dropdown box (press F11) to program AT89C2051 MCU or AT89C4051 (press F12) to program AT89C4051MCU. Make sure that the selected IC in the software matches that of the IC you have inserted in the Programmer module. Information about the device you choose is shown on the right side.
   
   
7. Open a hex file (*.hex). Click open file. Make sure that your compiler generates a hex file from your source code since the programmer will only allow a valid hex file format with a *.hex extension to be opened. The hex code is shown on the current active buffer tab. A maximum of 3 files may be opened.
   
   
8. To program, on the Tools menu, click Program Device (press F5).
   
   
   
   
   

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AT89C2051 Integrated Circuit (IC)

AT89C2051 Features:

• 2K bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory (PEROM) - Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
• 2.7V to 6V operating range
• 128 x 8 bytes of RAM
• 15 Programmable I/O lines (Ports 1.0-1.7 & Ports 3.0-3.5 & 3.7)

Pin Configuration:

• VCC (Pin 20) – Supply Voltage
• GND (Pin 10) – GroundPort 1 (Pins 12 – 19) – 8 Bit bi-directional I/O port
• Port 3 (Pins 2-3,6-9, 11) - Seven bi-directional I/O pins with internal pull-ups
• RST (Pin 1) - Reset input  
• XTAL1 (Pin 5) - Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. 
• XTAL2 (Pin 4) - Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. 
• Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pull-ups 
• P1.0 and P1.1 require external pull-ups
• P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1)
• P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a general-purpose I/O pin. 

Block Diagram:

Oscillator Characteristics:

    The XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator

Note: C1, C2 = 10-30 pF ± 10 pF for Crystals

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Introduction to Atmel 8051

Microcontroller 

VS 

Microprocessor

Microcontroller Unit(MCU)

      A microcontroller is a self-contained system with peripherals, memory and a processor that can be used as an embedded system. Most programmable microcontrollers that are used today are embedded in other consumer products or machinery including phones, peripherals, automobiles and household appliances for computer systems. Due to that, another name for a microcontroller is "embedded controller." They are designed to perform specific tasks. Specific means application where the relationship of input and output is defined. 

Microprocessor

      A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a CPU on a single integrated circuit or a few integrated circuits. They are designed to perform arithmetic and logic operations that make use of data on the chip. General purpose microprocessors in PCs are used for multimedia display, computation, text editing and communication. Several microprocessors are part of embedded systems.

History

      The Center of computer is CPU. Initial days, the CPU was built with Vacuum Tubes, Transistors, IC etc.

      In the year 1969, Intel company put the entire CPU inside a single IC. This IC is called Microprocessor.

      Microcomputer is built using this Microprocessor as CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O etc.

      The logic part of microcomputer is put inside an IC and called Microcontroller.

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